The Impact of Absent Fathers in Black Female Upbringing...

A father’s role in a child’s life is extremely important when it comes to a child’s development. With so much emphasis placed on young black boys needing their fathers during crucial developmental ages, the rate of our young black girls growing up without fathers is staggering and overlooked. What is an absent father? The definition is quite simple; an absent father can be defined as a father who is not present in the life of their child whether it is physically, emotionally, or both. Although the absence of a father is detrimental in any child’s life, the absence of such in a young black girl’s life is even more crucial. The absent father in a black girl’s life leads to, in some cases, promiscuity and teenage pregnancy, poverty, and†¦show more content†¦After all he was a complete stranger. I was fourteen and I felt like my life had been altered without my permission. I saw him once more after this initial meeting. We went to White Castle with my other siblings. As a child I struggled with my weight. I remember not ordering a lot of food. I didn’t want him to think I was fat. I made sure to be polite and engaging. I wanted him to accept me. I wanted him to like me. I talked about school. But I made sure not to brag about my good grades. He asked me about boys and although at the time there was a boy I liked, I didn’t dare tell him that. He laughed at my vague response and said he didn’t want to have to hurt some knucklehead boy. In that moment I felt safe, protected. It felt so good. Many of my friends in high school came from single parent fatherless homes like mine. A lot of us, especially my female friends, were looking for a filler of the void our father’s left in us. I found mine at the age of fifteen in a twenty year old named Jay. My mother never spoke to me about the dangers of unprotected sex. Most of what I learned about sex was taught through cable television and my friends. This was a dangerous way to learn about something as important as sex. There have been several studies that have indicated that living with only one parent, especially fatherless homes, is an indicator of early sexual behavior in adolescent African American females (Hogan and Kitagawa, 1985). From a daughter’s pointShow MoreRelatedBlack Male Success in Higher Education Essay2272 Words   |  10 Pagesthe issues as to why there are not more black men in higher education, by looking at the contributing factors such as environmental stressors, student’s percepti ons, racial identity issues, academic and social integration, family upbringing and the media. The attrition rate of African- American male students could be changed and decreased drastically. Increasing our understanding of these differences would enable us to better meet the needs of young black men. Summary of Articles African- AmericanRead MoreHegemonic Masculinity : Masculinity And Masculinity2763 Words   |  12 Pagesinstitution, and of recent making a great impact; the mass media. Primary Agents of Socialization: Immediate Family It is believed by many that the most influential agent of socialization is the immediate family. At a young age it is common for boys to mimic their father or older male sibling. In fact, the presence of a father or older male figure plays a vital role in shaping a child’s masculinity in comparison to a child living with only females. An article that focuses primarily onRead MoreThe End Of Chattel Slavery Essay1648 Words   |  7 Pageslighter people don’t mix. So from this research, I can determine that the purpose of chattel slavery could’ve been to prevent race mixing. Noting the text, â€Å"The Isis (Yssis) Papers†, written by Francess cress, the oppression of those of darker skin (blacks) by those of a lighter complexion (whites) was imperative for the genetic survival of the lighter skin race. According to Cress, the mistreatment of darker skinned people by whites is needed if whites want to survive on Earth. In the support of herRead MoreHSCO 500 Research Paper3620 Words   |  15 Pagesï » ¿ Teen Homelessness in America Anthony Clary Liberty University HSCO 500 Dr. Alicia Adkins September 29, 2013 Abstract Evidence has shown that teen homeless across America is ongoing and impacts youth of all cultures and backgrounds. There are millions of youth that are homeless in the United States. The typical ages of homeless youth are eighteen and younger. In America the average youth becomes homeless by age fourteen (www.safehorizon.com). Youth canRead MoreEssay on The Effects of Single Parenting on the Family2540 Words   |  11 Pages Single-parent families are on the rise and they are becoming as common as the nuclear family, which consist of a father, mother, and children. Ninety percent of single-parent families are headed by females (Kirby). This drastic increase is causing a paradigm shift in how the family is viewed. A few decades ago, the typical American family was a nuclear family with the father as the breadwinner. Although traditions are fading, two-parent homes experience some of the same issues as single-parentsRead MoreEssay on Religious Justifications of Slavery in the C aribbean3525 Words   |  15 PagesChristianity. This underground form of Christianity more closely represents the true ideals of the Christian faith, and grossly illuminates the corruption of Christianity at the hands of the planters. During slavery many families were separated: fathers, mothers and children were attached to different plantations with the result that some never saw their family members again. The responsibility of bringing up the children rested primarily with the mothers and grandmothers. This situation gave riseRead MoreAin t No Making It Chapter Summaries Essay9177 Words   |  37 Pagesgovern the selection and combination of different syntactic and lexical constructions that are derived from social relations and roles within families. Shirley Brice Heath also focuses on linguistic patterns but uses race to explain her theory that black working class children are not socialized at home to use the language patterns used in school which hurts them academically. White working class children fare better as they develop many of the cognitive and linguistic skills required in school. PaulRead Moreeffect of parenting style on the academic development of children6694 Words   |  27 Pagesï » ¿CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the study Parents according to Longman Dictionary of contemporary English imply the father or mother of a person. It also went on to disclose its view on parenting as the skill or activity of looking after your own children. Davies (2000) opined that parenting (or child rearing is the process of promoting and supporting the physical, emotional social and intellectual development of a child from infancy to adulthood. Parenting style is a psychologicalRead MoreThe Effects of Socio-Economic Status on Students Achievements in Biology13494 Words   |  54 Pagesis; (i) To determined the role of school environment on the academic performance of the students. (ii) To identify the factors affecting the poor academics performance of students in Biology. (iii) To enlighten the parents and government on their impact on the academic achievements of the student. (iv) To evaluate the consequences of socio –economic status on students achievement. (v) To help the student combat with the challenges posed by science related subjects. 1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDYRead MoreCOMM292 Case Studies23202 Words   |  93 Pagesprivate foundation. Martin planned to focus her career on private wealth. Despite the great amount of networking that her chosen career path required, Martin was very involved in the school community. She spent a lot of time working on projects for the Black Business Student Forum and the National Association of Women MBAs. Daren Onyealisi was originally from Nigeria and had been living in the United States for more than 10 years. He graduated from the University of Maryland with a degree in government

Special Students With Disabilities And Culturally Diverse...

â€Å"People of goodwill built the system we have today. People of goodwill can work together to build a better system going forward† (Freedman, 2012). Special educators face many ethical and moral challenges everyday. There are three areas challenge a special educators morals and ethics: inclusion, serving students with disabilities and culturally diverse needs, and access to grade appropriate general education curriculum for students with severe intellectual disabilities. Before discussing the present, let us look at the past to understand the future. During the 1970s, it is estimated around 20% of students with disabilities were receiving an education from a public school (Yell, 2012). Children with special needs were first provided access to public education programs with the signing of the Education for All Handicapped Children Act (EAHCA) of 1975. The reauthorization of EAHCA changed the name to Individuals with Disabilities Act (IDEA) and included the ideas of free ap propriate public education (FAPE). FAPE should be defined in a child’s individual education plan (IEP) (Freedman, 2012). FAPE brings to mind inclusion. IDEA has made it illegal to not include children with disabilities in public education. The current idea of inclusion means involves the child with disabilities spending his/her day in the general education classroom (Yell, 2012). Ethically, teacher must make sure the child is receiving the most appropriate education and least restrictive environmentShow MoreRelatedLearning Disabilities And Diverse Students With Special Needs819 Words   |  4 PagesIn the article, Strategies for Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Students with Special Needs, the author describes the assessment and instructional issues related to culturally and linguistically diverse students with special needs. The article goes into detail to discuss the current trends, prevalence rates, and general guidelines for appropriate assessments when working wit h English language learners who are also diagnosed with special needs. The author also includes in the article, research-basedRead MorePublic Schools Should Not Be Classified As Disabled1270 Words   |  6 Pagesrepresentation of culturally and linguistically diverse students in special education programs. According to Salend (2002), disproportionate representation is defined as the presence of students from a specific group (e.g., race, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, language background, gender, etc.) is higher or lower than one would expect based on their representation in the general population of students. Although there have been many efforts to reduce the disproportion in special education, the trendRead MoreEthnic And Racial Discrimination Of Special Education1017 Words   |  5 PagesEthnic and Racial Disproportionality in Special Education Former Education Secretary Arne Duncan said The undeniable truth is that the everyday educational experience for many students of color violates the principle of equity at the heart of the American promise. It is our collective duty to change that (Ed.gov, 2012). This was in response to the U.S. Department of Education s Office for Civil Rights (OCR) findings reporting that minority students across the U.S. face tougher discipline, haveRead MoreRTI and Disporportionality in Special Education Essay1051 Words   |  5 PagesDisproportionality, in special education, is the overrepresentation or under-representation of a particular population or demographic group relative to their presence in the overall student population (Ralabate, Klotz, 2007). There are many factors thought to contribute to disproportionality: cultural differences, lack of appropriate assessment strategies, socioeconomic status, race, and gender (Kanaitsa, 2010). Cultural differences pose several barriers for students and may impair their opportunityRead MoreMinority Groups And The Minority Group Within Special Education1698 Words   |  7 PagesDisproportionality refers to the overrepresentation or underrepresentation of a minority group within special education programs and services. The disproportionate representation of minority students in special education has been an ongoing and significant matter in education for decades. More and more minority children are being identified as disabled or having an intellectual disability or learning disability. However, in most cases the children are being misdiagnosed and consequently, are being discriminatedRead MoreSpecial Education in Classrooms Across America Essay708 Words   |  3 Pagesmust provide instruction that is culturally, linguistically appropriate as well as based on core standards. Special education gives children instruction based upon their unique needs based on a documented d isability. Student disabilities often involve mental, physical, emotional and behavioral issues that makes instruction a challenge. The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) governs how states and public agencies provide early intervention, special education and related servicesRead MoreIndividuals with Disabilities Education Act Essay1178 Words   |  5 PagesThe Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) greatly emphasizes the participation of the child’s family during the Individualized Education Program (IEP) process. Parents and/or caregivers are considered one of the most essential members of their child’s IEP team. Their involvement benefits their child’s overall academic success. Unfortunately, full parental involvement does not always occur and there can be many different reasons for their nonparticipation. The IEP process can be a veryRead MoreMulticultural Education : Integrated Diverse Learners955 Words   |  4 Pagesis inte grated of diverse learners. Diversity in the United States includes race, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, socioeconomic status, cultural heritage, ability, and disability. As teachers, we have to help meet all of the student’s needs, so they can reach their full potential. Offering programs to help diverse student will help them succeed in school and life. Teachers can respond to diversity by practicing multicultural education, gender equality, considering students for programs likeRead MoreThe Specific Learning Disability992 Words   |  4 Pagesexist in several categories listed, especially the categories of the Specific Learning Disability (SLD), Emotional Disturbance (ED), and Intellectual Disability (ID) ,(Gamm, 2007). Disproportionality is defined as the â€Å"overrepresentation† and â€Å"under-representation† of a particular population or demographic group in special or gifted education programs relative to the presence of this group in the ove rall student population (National Association for Bilingual Education, 2002). So many factors are responsibleRead MoreEssay on Diversity and Multicultural Education in the Classroom1561 Words   |  7 Pages language, socioeconomics, gender, family structure, and disabilities can all affect the ways in which we learn. Educators must take special measures in the delivery of classroom instruction to celebrate the learning and cultural differences of each of their students. As communities and schools continue to grow in diversity, teachers are searching for effective educational programs to accommodate the various learning styles of each student while promoting acceptance of cultural differences throughout

Minimum wage, good or bad Free Essays

Having a job had been a premiere concern for the people particularly when they have the strong desire to live. Nowadays, money seems to make the world go round. Without the valued piece of paper, we could not purchase the basic necessities in life such as food, clothing, shelter, and education. We will write a custom essay sample on Minimum wage, good or bad? or any similar topic only for you Order Now Given this perspective, a person then would strive to earn the valued paper. As this is the case, some people then would try to look for suitable jobs. A person doing so should then take into account the information about minimum wages. MINIMUM WAGE Minimum wage is known to be â€Å"an important cornerstone of Government strategy aimed at providing employees with decent minimum standards and fairness in the workplace (â€Å"National Minimum Wage,† 2007).† It is in this case that minimum wages would be the basic pay that an employee would receive. I believe then that the minimum wage law is a clear indication then that the government is trying to adhere to the concept of justice and fairness. I see that the main purpose of the minimum wage law is to safeguard the working class from any abusive companies and the likes. This working people then are known to be workers (â€Å"The Definition of a Worker,† 2007) and the term employee would then be loosely used in this paper to pertain to workers. The question then is whether or not minimum wage is good for the people then my answer would certainly lead me to assert that it is good for the people. The concept of goodness or badness is not the issue here but I believe that the concept of bad and good would spring from the idea if whether or not minimum wage law is beneficial. After clarifying this point, my argument would then have to be lean towards proving the beneficence of minimum wage law particularly in the United States. Minimum wage is under the Wage and Hour Division. It was said that minimum wage is part of the labor laws that the United States of America has. It is dully under the Fair Labor Standards Act that employees should receive a minimum wage rate of $5.85 per hour as of July 24, 2007 (â€Å"General Information on the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA),† 2007).   This provision is used in order to address the growing economic factor of the land. It could be inferred that the increase in the minimum wage would be to address the growing cost of living. Employers then should be able to address these changes for the benefit of their employees and for the benefit of a good working condition and ambiance for the employees that would lead to an established quality of the goods to be products. Minimum wage law then has two beneficial outcomes. GOOD OR BAD? First is that since it was made to protect the workers, then this could be an assurance that the people who are working would have the fair amount of share from the labor that they have done for the employer. Also in connection to this perspective is that the workers would be protected against abusive employers. Without the Minimum Wage law then the employer could just impose on unfair hour rates and even unfair working hours. It could be seen then that a person who are naà ¯ve about the rules of the Labor domain would be lost. Realistically speaking, some employers could become abusive with the labor rights of their employees. The main reason for this would be a twisted sense of fairness and a dosage of greed. The Minimum wage law then would be an assurance to the workers that they are protected from these kinds of employers. The next step then that the government has to do is to ensure that the rules would be followed and that they should be able to uphold their own laws. Some countries are unfortunate when it comes to the implementations of the laws. The rules may be set but there could be some employers who would feed on the ignorance of their workers. This would be deceitful but as I have said earlier, this is greed that drives them.   Second is that it would also be beneficial for the employers as well. A healthy or conducive ambiance for work would mean that an employer could address the needs of the employees. The supposed needs then are the monetary factor of the work. If the employers could satisfy this basic need then the services could either be maintained or it will grow considerably. It was said that a person’s capability in his/her work may be related to the job strain that he/she would feel (Gretchen M. Spreitzer, 1997). If this is the case then the efficiency of a worker’s job would then be affected if his/her stressful disposition would not be improved. This stressful disposition may be due to the strain that he/she might be feeling when it comes to his personal matters. Some people may frown on this point since work ethics would declare that personal matters should not be mixed with business matters. But psychological impacts could not be easily dismissed in this case. A problem would then arise in the work place. The objective of the government then to put up this law is noble. But what should be taken into account then is the implementation of this law. People should then spread the awareness of this law so as those who are abused by their employers could clamor for their own labor rights. One of the problems in the labor sector is the wage problems and I believe that the minimum wage law could ensure that the rights of the workers could be fulfilled. The question of its beneficence then would be the next recourse. It could be inferred then that the beneficence of the said law then could be considered good. Since it was already stated before that the goodness or badness of the topic would be regarded through the beneficence that the law would bring then it would be remarked that the minimum wage law is a good output. It will safeguard the workers and it could ensure stability and fairness in the country. The social hierarchy may still be present but by giving a rule for the wages would help ensure that the poor who are trying to make a living would not be subjected further to the harshness or greed by other people. References The Definition of a Worker [Electronic (2007). Version]. The Minimum Wage and Therapeutic Work. Retrieved August 23, 2004 from http://www.berr.gov.uk/files/file36956.pdf. Gretchen M. Spreitzer, M. A. K., Stephen W. Nason. (1997). A dimensional analysis of the relationship between psychological empowerment and effectiveness, satisfaction, and strain (Publication. Retrieved August 23, 2007: http://findarticles.com/?noadc=1 How to cite Minimum wage, good or bad?, Essay examples

Physical And Mental Health Profile Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Physical And Mental Health Profile. Answer: Introduction The essay discusses the physical and mental health profile of the client Miss G for interview and completion of a Comprehensive Health History. She is a student part time retail assistant lives in City Apartments, Wintec, Hanultan, New Zealand. She was born on 19 October 1997 and in a De Facto relationship. She underwent cheiloplasty, nasal repair, alveolar bone graft and fistula repair, tip rhinoplasty, toe repair, eardrum repair (tympanoplasty) and rhinoplasty. The essay also discusses the purpose of subjective data, the rationale for the health history, client's strength, and health risks, the importance of client education and health promotion and developmental considerations. Brief description of client The chosen client for the interview is Miss G who is 19 years old female. She is a student part time retail assistant and a New Zealand European with English proficiency and knows the Spanish and Maori language. Her family members include her mother, father, oldest brother and younger sister. She underwent cheiloplasty, nasal repair, alveolar bone graft and fistula repair, tip rhinoplasty, toe repair, eardrum repair (tympanoplasty) and rhinoplasty. Her general health is good; however, has a mental health history of depression and chronic mood swings when her parents got divorced. Purpose of gathering subjective data Subjective data is an essential component of health assessment of a client that involves the collection of information through effective communication (Reyes Rosso, 2012, p. 756). In this data, the patient provides information about the physical symptoms and how one feels about it. This information helps to know the degree of pain that the patient is going through like discomfort, itching, pain or any abnormal sensations (Stumblingbear-Riddle Romans, 2012, p. 1). In the subjective data provided by Miss G provides information about her past abdominal pain, mental health status and allergies. The subjective data also comprises of the experiences like vomiting, coughing or muscular spasms (Forbes Watt, 2015, p. 175). In such kind of data, health beliefs are also mentioned that provide information about their attitudes, beliefs and perceptions (Coulter, Locock, Ziebland, Calabrese, 2014, p. 348). Collection of subjective data also encompasses feelings, sensations, desires, beliefs, ideas, personal information, ideas and values. This is important to know about the past medical history for the correct diagnosis, plannursing goals and develop interventions according to the subjective data provided by the patient (Crisp, Douglas, Rebeiro, Waters, 2016, p. 245). Rationale for each component of the health history The rationale for obtaining past medical history is important as it contains pieces of information that help to know about the current and past health history of the client (Cole Bird, 2013, p. 325). The diagnosis helps to provide information about the various aspects of mental and physical health conditions like depression, retardation, hypertension or other medical conditions (Jones, Jones, Del Campo, 2013, p. 115). The known allergies also provide information about the allergies to food, medications or any bee sting and plan to avoid those the client is allergic to. Past family history, information up to three generations is important to know about the environment, lifestyle and genes (Thornton, 2013, p. 456). It gives us a clue of the medical conditions that are inherited in the family tree. The pattern of inheritance also provides information about the patterns of disorders and the risk for developing that particular condition. Personal strengths, health beliefs, social activi ties and stress management information is important as these factors also affect the quality of life and health outcomes (Hareven, 2013, p. 305). Clients strengths related to health and well-being The client personal strength is that she is dedicated to her study and work. She is a hardworking girl, high family oriented, multitasking, pursue task, and love to take challenges. Her life values and personal beliefs are her strengths that help her to lead a happy and contended life. She values respect a lot and are always kind to others irrespective of the person. She respect elders, put them at first and believes that they are experienced people and one always keeps learning from them. As she is a hardworking girl, she believes that it is the key to success and very thankful to the Almighty. She believes that education is the foundation for a successful life and one should never take his or her life for granted. This assessment is necessary to avoid any kind of conflict with the clients personal beliefs and increased participation of the patient in the care plan and decision-making process. The clients risks to health and well-being As such, Miss G has no risk to her health and well-being as she maintains a healthy lifestyle with proper rest and weight and nutritional management. However, she had a past mental history of chronic mood swings and depression. This took place when her parents got divorced. This poses a risk to her health and well-being as it has a detrimental effect, as she is family oriented and respect elders. She is bonded with her family, and parents separation negatively affected her. Her birth mother has a migraine that might act as a risk factor for her that affects her physical and mental health status. In addition, her mother also suffers from depression, post-traumatic stress disorder migraine and hypotension. She is at risk as she might also develop any of these mental health disorders, as there are chances of inheritance. She had undergone seven surgeries that have deteriorated her quality of life and well-being. Her father suffers from high cholesterol that might also act as a risk fact or, although she leads a healthy and active lifestyle. The family history of Miss G also suggests that depression, high diabetes and mental health problems run in the family that can be the biggest health risk factor for Miss G. Health promotion/client education Health promotion and client education is important for the patients to motivate and encourage them to seek good health that acts as a desirable state by adoption of healthy practices (Srensen, et al., 2012, p. 80). Health promotion through the adoption of healthy lifestyles and advertising of healthy practices help them to avoid the unhealthy lifestyles and behavioural factors that might put one at risk. Client education is vital as it provides information on how to maintain good health. Client education is a type of educative strategy that has a preventative objective to help client adopt healthy behaviour and maintain a healthy lifestyle. Education provided to the client by a healthcare professional is an important tool for the management of care plan, provide preventative measure and promote good health for a quality living (Schulz Nakamoto, 2013, p. 5). Apart from health literacy, health promotion is necessary for the client to enable him or her to increase control over the health and improve it and exercising control over the determinants of health. In the given health, history of Miss G, the client education and health promotion is required in terms to empower her to lead a normal life after her past surgeries. Client education would help her to have an improved understanding of her medical conditions, manage the multiple aspects of her health and have self-advocacy to act independently and increase her compliance and motivation. When she would be educated about her medical condition, it would help her to respond well to her treatment and care plan with less complication. Educating Miss G would also help to enhan ce her safety and cope with her stress and anxiety related to her health condition. Developmental considerations Developmental considerations are important as every person has different capacity to understand, comprehend and integrate the concepts of loss and separation and physical finality (Ng, et al., 2012, p. 340). As Miss G is an adult, she can accept her physical conditions and the separation of her parents. However, she is a very family-oriented person and respect elders, so it was difficult for her to cope up with her parents divorce and separation. Due to this, she had depression and chronic mood swings as mentioned in her mental health history. This shows that for her developmental considerations, it is important to provide her emotional and psychosocial support so that she can cope up with the stress and pain of her parents separation. Counselling can also be provided to her as a part of the developmental consideration and promote self-advocacy. Conclusion From the above discussion, it can be concluded that she underwent a health screening consisting of STD and STI swab test as she reported abdominal bleeding. She was screened for ectopic pregnancy and ovarian cysts. She has an allergy from bees and mosquitoes that cause swelling in the infected areas, instant dizziness, acute burning and itchy pain at the infected area. The purpose of subjective data is to know about the past medical history for the correct diagnosis, plannursing goals and develop interventions according to the subjective data provided by the patient. The health template is helpful in increasing her control over her health and improves her condition. In addition, it is important for the client education and health promotion to help her lead a normal life. References Cole, S. A., Bird, J. (2013). The Medical Interview E-Book: The Three Function Approach. Elsevier Health Sciences. Coulter, A., Locock, L., Ziebland, S., Calabrese, J. (2014). Collecting data on patient experience is not enough: they must be used to improve care. BMJ: British Medical Journal (Online), 348. Crisp, J., Douglas, C., Rebeiro, G., Waters, D. (2016). Potter Perry's Fundamentals of Nursing-Australian Version-eBook. Australia: Elsevier Health Sciences. Forbes, H., Watt, E. (2015). Jarvis's Physical Examination and Health Assessment. Elsevier Health Sciences. Hareven, T. K. (2013). Transitions: The family and the life course in historical perspective. Elsevier. Jones, K. L., Jones, M. C., Del Campo, M. (2013). Smith's Recognizable Patterns of Human Malformation E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences. Ng, J. Y., Ntoumanis, N., Thgersen-Ntoumani, C., Deci, E. L., Ryan, R. M., Duda, J. L., Williams, G. C. (2012). Self-determination theory applied to health contexts: A meta-analysis. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 325-340. Reyes, A., Rosso, P. (2012). Making objective decisions from subjective data: Detecting irony in customer reviews. Decision Support Systems, 754-760. Schulz, P. J., Nakamoto, K. (2013). Health literacy and patient empowerment in health communication: the importance of separating conjoined twins. . Patient education and counseling,, 4-11. Srensen, K., Van den Broucke, S., Fullam, J., Doyle, G., Pelikan, J., Slonska, Z., Brand, H. (2012). Health literacy and public health: a systematic review and integration of definitions and models. BMC public health, 80. Stumblingbear-Riddle, G., Romans, J. S. (2012). Resilience among urban American Indian adolescents: Exploration into the role of culture, self-esteem, subjective well-being, and social support. . American Indian and Alaska native mental health research (Online), 1. Thornton, A. (2013). Reading history sideways: The fallacy and enduring impact of the developmental paradigm on family life. University of Chicago Press.